{"id":2712,"date":"2026-10-24T22:06:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-24T14:06:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/?p=2712"},"modified":"2026-10-24T22:06:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T14:06:07","slug":"puriactives-gpi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/?p=2712","title":{"rendered":"PuriActives\u00ae GPI"},"content":{"rendered":"

PuriActives\u00ae GPIGlycerophosphoinositol Choline<\/h2>\n

Scientific and Technical Profile<\/p>\n

PuriActives\u00ae GPI<\/h2>\n

Sunflower-derived soothing technology<\/p>\n

For skin and scalp comfort<\/p>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline<\/p>\n

PuriPharm Co. Ltd.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Product overview \u00b7 Positioning<\/p>\n

An active ingredient for soothing care<\/h2>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline<\/p>\n

GLYCEROPHOSPHOINOSITOL CHOLINE<\/p>\n

Source: sunflower phospholipids<\/p>\n

Process: enzymatic bioconversion<\/p>\n

A scientific basis for sensitive-skin formulations and soothing scalp care.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original labels: phosphatidylinositol; lysophosphatidylinositol; glycerophosphoinositol; arachidonoyl; stearoyl; PLA\u2082 and LPLA\u2081 enzyme labels.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1: schematic of glycerophosphoinositol formation through phosphatidylinositol metabolism.<\/p>\n

Corda D et al. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1582:52\u201369. DOI: 10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00137-3.<\/p>\n

Product overview \u00b7 Chemical identity<\/p>\n

The choline salt of glycerophosphoinositol<\/h2>\n

A defined chemical identity supports ingredient identification, literature searches and active-content calculations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Item<\/td>\nMolecular information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
INCI<\/td>\nGLYCEROPHOSPHOINOSITOL CHOLINE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CAS<\/td>\n425642-32-6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molecular formula<\/td>\nC\u2081\u2084H\u2083\u2082NO\u2081\u2082P<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molecular weight<\/td>\n437.38 g\/mol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This information describes the compound itself. Active content and supply form of the commercial ingredient depend on the applicable product specifications.<\/p>\n

PubChem. Glycerophosphoinositol choline. CID 91936944. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/91936944<\/p>\n

Product overview \u00b7 Source and process<\/p>\n

Enzymatic bioconversion of sunflower phospholipids<\/h2>\n

Produced by enzymatic bioconversion using sunflower-derived phospholipids as the starting material.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Evidence guide<\/p>\n

Research supporting skin and scalp comfort<\/h2>\n

Understand GPI through its mechanisms, then connect cell, animal and human studies to formulation applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Research level<\/td>\nMolecular mechanisms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Core question<\/td>\nHow are inflammatory signals regulated?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Main assessments<\/td>\nMAPK, IKK \/ NF-\u03baB, gene expression<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Research level<\/td>\nCells and epidermis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Core question<\/td>\nCan irritation-related responses be reduced?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Main assessments<\/td>\nDegranulation, cytokines, PGE\u2082, IL-1\u03b1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Research level<\/td>\nAnimal studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Core question<\/td>\nAre responses observed in vivo?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Main assessments<\/td>\nTNF-\u03b1, Mac-1 and skin studies of related salts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Research level<\/td>\nHuman studies and applications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Core question<\/td>\nWhich care settings have been observed?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Main assessments<\/td>\nErythema, lesions, pruritus, scalp comfort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ingredient form, model and formulation conditions are specified in the relevant sections.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

GPI participates in cellular lipid-signaling regulation<\/h2>\n

Sequential deacylation of phosphatidylinositol produces glycerophosphoinositol.<\/p>\n

Research on the free metabolite GroPIns provides a mechanistic basis for understanding GPI. This product uses its choline salt form.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1, excerpted from a metabolic schematic. GroPIns = glycerophosphoinositol.<\/p>\n

Corda D et al. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012;40:101\u2013107. DOI: 10.1042\/BST20110679.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Inflammatory stimulation increases endogenous GroPIns<\/h2>\n

LPS stimulation increases intracellular GroPIns in human monocytes.<\/p>\n

The study supports a role for this endogenous metabolite in cellular responses to inflammatory stimulation.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: untreated; LPS; ng\/10\u2076 cells; \u03bcM. The inset data table is transcribed below.<\/p>\n

Inset table: GroPIns levels<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Unit<\/td>\nUntreated<\/td>\nLPS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ng\/10\u2076 cells<\/td>\n1.14<\/td>\n19.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bcM<\/td>\n4.4<\/td>\n76.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Original Figure 7. Human monocytes from 9 donors; LPS 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL for 45 minutes; LC\u2013MS\/MS measurement.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Modulation of MAP kinase signaling<\/h2>\n

Western blots show that GroPIns reduces LPS-induced ERK, JNK and p38 phosphorylation.<\/p>\n

These early signaling changes connect external stimulation to downstream regulation of inflammatory genes.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original labels: time (min); p- denotes phosphorylated protein; vinculin; GroPIns and the separate GroPIns4P comparator.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 3A. Human monocytes; GroPIns 300 \u03bcM; representative blots and densitometry. GroPIns4P is a separate comparator substance.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Effects on the IKK \/ I\u03baB signaling axis<\/h2>\n

GroPIns reduces phosphorylation of the IKK complex and alters the time course of I\u03baB\u03b1 degradation.<\/p>\n

This provides a molecular basis for reduced NF-\u03baB activation.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original labels: time (min); p-IKK\u03b1\/\u03b2 and p-I\u03baB\u03b1 phosphorylation readouts; vinculin.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 3B. Pretreatment with GroPIns 300 \u03bcM for 20 minutes, followed by LPS 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL; observation at 5\u201330 minutes.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Microscopy reveals NF-\u03baB localization<\/h2>\n

Original micrographs show changes in cellular p50 and p65 localization after inflammatory stimulation.<\/p>\n

GroPIns reduces LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-\u03baB.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 4A. p50: green; p65: gray; DAPI: blue. GroPIns 300 \u03bcM. Original scale bars retained.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Reduced nuclear translocation of NF-\u03baB<\/h2>\n

The authors report approximately 50% and 45% reductions in p50 and p65 nuclear translocation, respectively, at 30 minutes with GroPIns.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: nuclear p50\/p65-positive cells (%); T0; time in min.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 4B. LPS 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL, with or without GroPIns 300 \u03bcM; 100 randomly selected cells counted per sample.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Original EMSA images show reduced NF-\u03baB\u2013DNA binding<\/h2>\n

GroPIns reduces the LPS-induced NF-\u03baB DNA-binding signal. The original electrophoretic images complement the nuclear-translocation microscopy evidence.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 5A\u2013B. Left: cell pretreatment at 50 or 300 \u03bcM. Right: nuclear-extract competition experiment at 300\u20131000 \u03bcM. These are different experimental conditions.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Reduced NF-\u03baB recruitment to target-gene promoters<\/h2>\n

Chromatin immunoprecipitation provides further promoter-level evidence.<\/p>\n

Reduced p65 recruitment to the TNF-\u03b1 promoter is consistent with lower proinflammatory transcription.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: normal rabbit IgG; binding relative to input (%); UNTD = untreated.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 5D. ChIP; GroPIns 300 \u03bcM for 20 minutes before LPS 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL for 60 minutes. TF is a separate mechanistic endpoint.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Downregulation of proinflammatory gene expression<\/h2>\n

GroPIns reduces LPS-induced TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and COX-2 transcription. IL-10 expression was not suppressed in this experiment.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1A\u2013D. Primary human monocytes; GroPIns 300 \u03bcM for 20 minutes before LPS 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL; measurements at 1.5 and 24 hours.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Endogenous GroPIns research<\/p>\n

Reduced cytokine release across multiple donors<\/h2>\n

Protein-level results complement the transcriptional evidence.<\/p>\n

At 24 hours, TNF-\u03b1 release inhibition in the 3 donors shown ranged from 34.5% to 59.5%.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure table: inhibition versus LPS (%)<\/b><\/p>\n

Donor 1<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/td>\nTNF-\u03b1<\/td>\nIL-1\u03b2<\/td>\nTxB2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 h<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n31.6<\/td>\n-4.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 h<\/td>\n43.7<\/td>\n60.52<\/td>\n51.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Donor 2<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/td>\nTNF-\u03b1<\/td>\nIL-1\u03b2<\/td>\nTxB2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 h<\/td>\n44.7<\/td>\n41.8<\/td>\n31.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 h<\/td>\n59.5<\/td>\n79.1<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Donor 3<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/td>\nTNF-\u03b1<\/td>\nIL-1\u03b2<\/td>\nTxB2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 h<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n20.5<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 h<\/td>\n34.5<\/td>\n73.2<\/td>\n53.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The figure heading specifies percentage inhibition versus LPS. Original column headers also show pg\/mL for TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2, and ng\/mL for TxB2; these labels remain in the original image.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1G. Percentage inhibition relative to LPS stimulation; TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and TxB2; GroPIns 300 \u03bcM.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms \u00b7 Further biology<\/p>\n

A mechanistic extension into barrier biology<\/h2>\n

Beyond inflammatory signaling, GroPIns has also been studied in barrier biology.<\/p>\n

In an endothelial\u2013glial coculture model, transendothelial electrical resistance recovered after addition of GPI 100 \u03bcM.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: TEER; days of culture; control; GPI 100 \u03bcM treatment.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 3. Blood\u2013brain barrier coculture model, presented as a mechanistic extension. Skin-specific evidence follows in the epidermal-model and human-study sections.<\/p>\n

Cucullo L et al. Brain Res. 2004;997:147\u2013151. DOI: 10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.09.079.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 GPI choline<\/p>\n

Microscopy and quantitative results support reduced degranulation<\/h2>\n

GPI choline treatment reduced granules around the cells. Degranulation rates decreased significantly at both 0.1% and 0.3%.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Image labels: A, blank control; B, positive\/stimulated control; C\u2013E, GPI 0.3%, 0.1% and 0.01%, respectively.<\/p>\n

Degranulation rate<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
RBL-2H3 condition<\/td>\nDegranulation rate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stimulated control<\/td>\n81.30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPI choline 0.1%<\/td>\n70.10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPI choline 0.3%<\/td>\n66.15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Left: original Figure 3; A, blank; B, stimulated; C\u2013E, GPI 0.3%, 0.1% and 0.01%. Right: quantitative results reported in the text; P < 0.01 for both concentrations.<\/p>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 GPI choline<\/p>\n

Significant reductions in TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 release<\/h2>\n

At the tested concentration of 0.3%, the paper reports TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 inhibition rates of 93.38% and 94.73%, respectively.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 5A\u2013B. PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells; LPS 1 mg\/L for 24 hours; 3 parallel measurements. Concentrations are reported as in the source.<\/p>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 GPI choline<\/p>\n

Effects on both IL-8 and IL-1\u03b2<\/h2>\n

Both endpoints decreased significantly at 0.1%\u20130.3%. At 0.3%, the reported IL-1\u03b2 inhibition rate was 88.73%.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 5C\u2013D. PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells; LPS 1 mg\/L for 24 hours. Original axes and significance marks retained.<\/p>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 GPI choline<\/p>\n

Concentration-related responses across inflammatory markers<\/h2>\n

Significant inhibition was observed at 0.1%, with greater inhibition of some markers at 0.3%.<\/p>\n

The table summarizes reported values to compare concentration responses across mediators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reported inhibition<\/td>\nGPI sample 0.1%<\/td>\nGPI sample 0.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TNF-\u03b1<\/td>\n92.86%<\/td>\n93.38%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IL-6<\/td>\n88.48%<\/td>\n94.73%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IL-1\u03b2<\/td>\n59.85%<\/td>\n88.73%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Compiled from sections 2.1 and 2.3 of the paper. Inhibition is relative to the LPS-stimulated group. Experimental concentrations are not finished-product use recommendations.<\/p>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 GPI choline<\/p>\n

Cell viability at efficacy-test concentrations<\/h2>\n

Across the 0.01%\u20130.3% range used in the inflammatory-mediator and degranulation experiments, relative viability remained above 90% in both cell types.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Chinese y-axis label: relative cell viability (%). Original groups, 100 mg\/L C40\/80 challenge and GPI concentrations are retained.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Chinese y-axis label: relative cell viability (%). Original LPS 1 mg\/L challenge and GPI concentrations are retained.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 2A\u2013B. Left: RBL-2H3 mast cells. Right: THP-1-derived macrophages. Original axes and treatment groups retained.<\/p>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 Irritation models<\/p>\n

Reduced PGE\u2082 release after UVB stimulation<\/h2>\n

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were pretreated with GPI choline for 24 hours before UVB exposure.<\/p>\n

The original figure shows lower PGE\u2082 release at higher tested concentrations, providing cell-level evidence for after-sun soothing concepts.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original choline-salt experiment and significance marks retained. Concentration unit: \u03bcg\/mL; PGE\u2082 normalized to protein content.<\/p>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline \/ Lysine technical brochure (2012), pp.4\u20135. Original technical-data figure.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 Irritation models<\/p>\n

Concentration response of UVB-induced PGE\u2082 release<\/h2>\n

Normal human epidermal cells received UVB at 25 mJ\/cm\u00b2.<\/p>\n

In the choline-salt group, PGE\u2082 decreased from 6.3 to 2.6, 2.2 and 1.8 pg\/\u03bcg protein at 250, 500 and 1000 \u03bcM, respectively.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Translated Table 1: UVB-induced PGE\u2082 (pg\/\u03bcg protein)<\/b><\/p>\n

GPI choline salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.6<\/td>\n6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.4<\/td>\n2.6*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.4<\/td>\n2.2*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n2.1<\/td>\n1.8*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI tetrabutylammonium salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n2.1*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n1.9*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.9*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI lysine salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.7<\/td>\n6.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n1.9*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.4<\/td>\n1.7*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n1.1<\/td>\n1.4**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + dl-\u03b1-tocopherol (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.8<\/td>\n6.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.1<\/td>\n1.2**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n1.0<\/td>\n1.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + retinol (5 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.4<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.4<\/td>\n1.4**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.3**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + ascorbic acid (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcM)<\/td>\nNo UVB<\/td>\nUVB-exposed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n1.7<\/td>\n6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n1.4**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.4**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n1.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* P<0.05; ** P<0.01, versus UVB-exposed cells without added GPI salt.<\/p>\n

Original Table 1, retaining comparisons with other salts and combinations. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, each versus UVB-exposed cells without added GPI.<\/p>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19. Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 Irritation models<\/p>\n

PGE\u2082 responses after capsaicin stimulation<\/h2>\n

PGE\u2082 release was measured after capsaicin stimulation of normal human epidermal cells.<\/p>\n

At higher choline-salt concentrations, the difference between stimulated and unstimulated groups narrowed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Translated Table 2: PGE\u2082 after capsaicin 0.01 nM (pg\/\u03bcg protein)<\/b><\/p>\n

GPI choline salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n13.3<\/td>\n15.8*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n13.6<\/td>\n14.5*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n14.1<\/td>\n14.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n15.0<\/td>\n15.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI tetrabutylammonium salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n10.9<\/td>\n16.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n11.1<\/td>\n15.5**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n12.0<\/td>\n13.3*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n13.5<\/td>\n13.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI lysine salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n9.9<\/td>\n14.8**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n12.2*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n11.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n11.9<\/td>\n11.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + dl-\u03b1-tocopherol (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n12.8<\/td>\n17.1**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n12.4<\/td>\n14.1*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n11.5<\/td>\n12.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n11.8<\/td>\n12.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + retinol (5 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n16.3**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n9.9<\/td>\n14.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n10.4<\/td>\n12.2*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n11.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + ascorbic acid (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo capsaicin<\/td>\nCapsaicin-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n11.0<\/td>\n15.6**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n10.4<\/td>\n13.1*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n9.5<\/td>\n11.2*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n10.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* P<0.05; ** P<0.01, capsaicin-treated versus untreated cells at the same tested concentration. Capsaicin concentration is retained as 0.01 nM from the supplied figure heading, without substitution based on typical experimental conditions.<\/p>\n

Original Table 2. GPI-salt concentration: \u03bcg\/mL. Asterisks compare stimulated and unstimulated cells at the same concentration, not the group without GPI.<\/p>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19. Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 Irritation models<\/p>\n

Reduced OAG-induced PGE\u2082 release<\/h2>\n

With OAG stimulation at 250 \u03bcM, PGE\u2082 readings in the choline-salt group decreased as the tested concentration increased.<\/p>\n

The original table also reports unstimulated and combination groups.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Translated Table 3: PGE\u2082 after OAG 250 \u03bcM (pg\/\u03bcg protein)<\/b><\/p>\n

GPI choline salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n15.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n8.9<\/td>\n13.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n9.4<\/td>\n10.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n10.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI tetrabutylammonium salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n9.5<\/td>\n16.2**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n13.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n10.8<\/td>\n11.4*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n11.4<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI lysine salt<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n15.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n10.6<\/td>\n14.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n11.3<\/td>\n12.1*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n11.7<\/td>\n11.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + dl-\u03b1-tocopherol (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n9.4<\/td>\n13.9**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n9.3<\/td>\n11.9**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n9.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n9.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + retinol (5 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n16.2**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n9.9<\/td>\n14.0**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n10.2<\/td>\n11.4*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n11.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

GPI choline + ascorbic acid (10 \u03bcM)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPI salt concentration (\u03bcg\/mL)<\/td>\nNo OAG<\/td>\nOAG-treated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n10.6<\/td>\n14.9**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n9.6<\/td>\n12.9**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n9.4<\/td>\n10.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\n8.6<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* P<0.05; ** P<0.01, OAG-treated versus untreated cells at the same tested concentration.<\/p>\n

Original Table 3. OAG: 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. Original values, concentration units and statistical marks retained.<\/p>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19. Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Cell and epidermal studies \u00b7 Irritation models<\/p>\n

Reduced IL-1\u03b1 release after surfactant irritation<\/h2>\n

Reconstructed human epidermis was challenged with SLS 0.5%, comparing mediator release with and without GPI choline 1%.<\/p>\n

The combined-treatment group showed lower IL-1\u03b1, supporting development of mild-cleansing and soothing-care concepts.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original readings at 2 h and 6 h retained. SLS: sodium lauryl sulfate. Experimental concentrations follow the technical source.<\/p>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline \/ Lysine technical brochure (2012), pp.4\u20135. Original technical-data figure.<\/p>\n

Animal studies \u00b7 GroPIns<\/p>\n

GroPIns reduces inflammatory mediators and cell-activation markers in mice<\/h2>\n

Male C57BL\/6J mice, 9 per group; blood collected 2 h after LPS 1 mg\/kg.<\/p>\n

GroPIns 10 mg\/kg per intraperitoneal dose was administered 3 times: 15 min before, at the same time as, and 60 min after stimulation.<\/p>\n

Both TNF-\u03b1 and Mac-1 decreased.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 6A\u2013B. Males aged 9\u201312 weeks; free GroPIns. In vivo endpoints in a systemic inflammation model, not a topical skin study.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Animal studies \u00b7 GPI lysine combinations<\/p>\n

Animal skin research with a related salt: ear photographs<\/h2>\n

21 dogs with atopic-dermatitis-associated otitis externa received a combination lotion twice daily for 14 days.<\/p>\n

The formulation contained GPI lysine salt, a lactoferrin peptide and verbascoside.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A: day 0; B: day 14.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 5. A: day 0; B: day 14. The study used a GPI lysine-salt combination lotion, distinct from this product\u2019s choline salt.<\/p>\n

Accomasso L et al. Clin Dermatol Res J. 2017;2(1):1000112. Figs. 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Animal studies \u00b7 GPI lysine combinations<\/p>\n

Changes in canine skin-lesion scores and score distribution<\/h2>\n

In the same 21-dog study, CADESI scores decreased after 14 days and the distribution shifted toward lower scores.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: score; score frequency; day 0 and day 14.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1. Red: day 0; black: day 14. Mean \u00b1 SD; **** P < 0.0001. GPI lysine-salt combination lotion.<\/p>\n

Accomasso L et al. Clin Dermatol Res J. 2017;2(1):1000112. Figs. 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Animal studies \u00b7 GPI lysine combinations<\/p>\n

Lichenification, excoriation, alopecia and pruritus scores<\/h2>\n

The same study assessed lichenification, excoriation, alopecia and pruritus.<\/p>\n

All four scores decreased after 14 days, complementing the ear photographs and overall lesion scores.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: lichenification; excoriation; alopecia; pruritus; degree.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 2A\u2013D. Day 0 versus day 14; mean \u00b1 SD; **** P < 0.0001. Alopecia scores cannot be extrapolated to human hair-growth efficacy.<\/p>\n

Accomasso L et al. Clin Dermatol Res J. 2017;2(1):1000112. Figs. 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Animal studies \u00b7 GPI lysine combinations<\/p>\n

Shed corneocyte, bacterial and Malassezia scores<\/h2>\n

Ear cytology in the same study assessed changes in shed corneocytes, bacteria and Malassezia.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: corneocytes; bacteria; Malassezia; degree.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 3A\u2013C. 21 dogs, 14 days; mean \u00b1 SD; **** P < 0.0001. The combination\u2019s effects cannot be attributed to antimicrobial activity of GPI alone.<\/p>\n

Accomasso L et al. Clin Dermatol Res J. 2017;2(1):1000112. Figs. 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 UVB erythema<\/p>\n

Approximately 60% erythema inhibition with a GPI choline formulation<\/h2>\n

20 participants received 2 MED UVB on the forearm.<\/p>\n

A GPI choline 0.25% formulation was applied for 6 hours, with erythema monitored by reflectance spectrophotometry over 48 hours.<\/p>\n

The technical brochure reports approximately 60% erythema inhibition.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: erythema inhibition (%); commercial lenitive cream; GPI 0.25% formulation; 0.1% cortisonic formulation. Original P values and comparison groups retained.<\/p>\n

Original comparison of three formulations and statistical marks retained. Results apply to the tested topical formulation. MED: minimal erythema dose.<\/p>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline \/ Lysine technical brochure (2012), p.5. Human UVB erythema study.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 UVB erythema<\/p>\n

Erythema observations with GPI choline 0.5% and 1.0% formulations<\/h2>\n

Adult male backs received UV exposure at 1.5 MED.<\/p>\n

Original grayscale photographs at 6, 24 and 48 hours show local skin appearance with placebo and two GPI formulations.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: placebo; 6, 24 and 48 h; 0.5% GPI and 1.0% GPI formulations.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1. Patent grayscale and image quality retained. The patent does not clearly report sample size; the photographs illustrate the local observations shown.<\/p>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19. Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 UVB erythema<\/p>\n

Time course of erythema colorimetry and local blood flow<\/h2>\n

The same study used \u0394a* and local blood-flow measurements to complement visual observations.<\/p>\n

The original table marks significant differences versus placebo at specific concentrations and times.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Translated Table 4: in vivo UVB-induced erythema assessment<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0394a* values<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/td>\nPlacebo<\/td>\nGPI 0.5 wt%<\/td>\nGPI 1.0 wt%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 h<\/td>\n2.50<\/td>\n1.38<\/td>\n1.38*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 h<\/td>\n4.19<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n2.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48 h<\/td>\n3.21<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n2.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Blood flow: MASS(volume)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Time<\/td>\nPlacebo<\/td>\nGPI 0.5 wt%<\/td>\nGPI 1.0 wt%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 h<\/td>\n324.4<\/td>\n331.2*<\/td>\n304.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24 h<\/td>\n291.7<\/td>\n163.6**<\/td>\n200.6**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48 h<\/td>\n174.1<\/td>\n157.5<\/td>\n171.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Blood flow: MASS(volume). Patent definitions: * P<0.01; ** P<0.05 versus placebo. Original values and marks are retained without recalculation or correction.<\/p>\n

Original Table 4. Patent definitions: * P < 0.01; ** P < 0.05. Blood-flow units retained as MASS(volume).<\/p>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19. Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 30-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

A 30-participant, 4-week observation: improved lesions and pruritus<\/h2>\n

30 participants aged 4\u201316 years with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis used a formulation containing GPI choline and Perilla extract twice daily.<\/p>\n

Mean EASI: 5.01 to 1.35<\/p>\n

Pruritus VAS: 4.05 to 1.67<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure legend: healing; marked improvement; improvement; no change.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1. Open-label, multicenter observation: 13 rated healed, 8 markedly improved, 8 improved and 1 unchanged. Five participants used rescue medication for one week.<\/p>\n

Di Lernia V et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2011;146(Suppl. 2 to No. 6):1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 30-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Lesion appearance in two participants after 4 weeks<\/h2>\n

Left: patient 9, EASI 12.4 to 7.6. Right: patient 7, EASI 6.2 to 2.7. Within each pair, A is baseline and B is after 4 weeks.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figures 2\u20133; lesions and colors unretouched. Table I records rescue-medication use in both cases. Results apply to the study formulation and treatment conditions.<\/p>\n

Di Lernia V et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2011;146(Suppl. 2 to No. 6):1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

A 300-participant observation: pruritus improvement in adults and children<\/h2>\n

An observational study enrolled 300 patients with moderate atopic dermatitis.<\/p>\n

A GPI choline-containing emollient ointment reduced total pruritus scores:<\/p>\n

Adults: 7.90 to 4.46<\/p>\n

Children: 9.10 to 5.86<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: adults; children; V1\/V2 = first visit\/follow-up.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1e. Mean \u00b1 SEM; follow-up 33.69 \u00b1 8.49 days; GPI group: 95 adults and 51 children; p < 0.001. The study evaluated a combination emollient ointment.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Improved pruritus and sleep-related burden<\/h2>\n

The same study reported improvements in pruritus distribution, sleep disturbance, episode frequency and severity.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 1a\u2013d: distribution, sleep disturbance, frequency and severity, respectively. V1\/V2: first visit\/follow-up; mean \u00b1 SEM. The formulation contained other functional ingredients.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Improved clinical scores with the GPI-containing emollient<\/h2>\n

Adult EASI decreased from 25.18 to 11.96 and pruritus VAS from 5.82 to 3.40, informing development of soothing GPI emollient systems.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 2: EASI, TIS and VAS. Open-label observational study in atopic dermatitis. Results apply to the complete formulation and cannot be attributed to GPI alone.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Greater EASI, TIS and VAS improvements in the GPI-formulation group<\/h2>\n

The original figure compares score changes between visits, separately for adults and children.<\/p>\n

The GPI emollient group improved more than the comparator emollient group on all three measures.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: GPI emollient ointment; comparator emollient; adults and children. Negative changes indicate improvement from baseline.<\/p>\n

Original Figure 8. A: EASI; B: TIS; C: VAS. Mean \u00b1 SEM; *** P < 0.001. Unblinded observational comparison of complete formulations.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Between-group comparisons of total pruritus and sleep disturbance<\/h2>\n

The GPI-formulation group showed larger reductions in total pruritus scores and sleep disturbance.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: GPI emollient ointment; comparator emollient; adults; children.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: GPI emollient ointment; comparator emollient; adults; children.<\/p>\n

Original Figures 7e and 7b. Left: total pruritus score; right: sleep disturbance. Negative values indicate improvement from baseline. Original statistical marks retained.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 300-participant AD observation<\/p>\n

Subjective ratings of use experience and symptom improvement<\/h2>\n

The study also recorded texture, spreading, absorption, product performance and symptom-relief ratings.<\/p>\n

Differences between formulations in some items may inform formulation experience design.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Original Figure 9. Left: adults; right: children. Not all items differed significantly between groups; consult the original marks.<\/p>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 Other conditions<\/p>\n

A 60-day observation of lesions, redness, pruritus and TEWL<\/h2>\n

30 participants with mild-to-moderate psoriasis used a GPI choline 1% cream twice daily for 60 days.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: psoriatic lesion regression; redness variation; reduction of itchiness; transepidermal water loss; days.<\/p>\n

Original panels: lesion-improvement grade, redness, pruritus and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Formulation observations in a specific skin condition.<\/p>\n

Falconi Klein E, Carrera C, Richelmi P. University of Pavia, May 2003, report 0201L07-05F. Cited via the technical brochure (2012), p.5.<\/p>\n

Human skin studies \u00b7 Other conditions<\/p>\n

A GPI combination gel improves facial scaling, erythema and pruritus<\/h2>\n

25 participants with mild-to-moderate facial seborrheic dermatitis; open-label prospective study, twice-daily use for 45 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Assessment<\/td>\nReported result<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scaling, erythema and pruritus<\/td>\nAll decreased significantly, P < 0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Investigator global assessment<\/td>\n47.9% achieved >80% improvement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Assessment methods<\/td>\nClinical scores, erythema-directed photography and pruritus VAS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Formulation<\/td>\nGPI, piroctone olamine, lactoferrin and aloe vera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Results apply to the complete combination gel. The abstract identifies GPI without specifying its salt form. This does not quantify the efficacy of choline salt alone.<\/p>\n

Dall\u2019Oglio F et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017;152(5):436\u2013440. DOI: 10.23736\/S0392-0488.17.05539-0. PMID: 28121079.<\/p>\n

Human scalp study \u00b7 30-day observation<\/p>\n

Scalp appearance after 30 days<\/h2>\n

10 participants with dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis used a GPI choline 0.25% lotion once daily.<\/p>\n

Participant 1<\/b><\/p>\n

Before use<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

After 30 days<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Participant 2<\/b><\/p>\n

Before use<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

After 30 days<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Two participants from the same study. Original paired scalp-dermoscopy images are shown before and after use. Observations apply to the tested lotion.<\/p>\n

Pazzaglia M, Tosti A. Scalp dermatoscopy study report. University of Bologna, January 2007. Original images cited via the supplied technical brochure (2012), p.6.<\/p>\n

Human scalp study \u00b7 30-day observation<\/p>\n

Distribution of improvement in dandruff, redness and pruritus<\/h2>\n

The same 30-day study also assessed dandruff, redness, pruritus and sebum.<\/p>\n

The original figure shows participant proportions in each improvement category, complementing the dermoscopy observations.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure labels: dandruff; redness; itchiness; sebum amount; patients (%). Legend: worsening, no change, slight improvement, significant improvement, very significant improvement.<\/p>\n

Original assessment figure. n = 10; GPI choline 0.25% lotion, once daily for 30 days. Original grading and participant proportions retained.<\/p>\n

Pazzaglia M, Tosti A. Scalp dermatoscopy study report. University of Bologna, January 2007. Original figure cited via the supplied technical brochure (2012), p.6.<\/p>\n

Applications \u00b7 Formulation directions<\/p>\n

Formulation applications for skin and scalp care<\/h2>\n

Calculate active addition from the selected ingredient\u2019s specifications.<\/p>\n

Validate stability, compatibility and sensory properties in the target formulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Format<\/td>\nFacial serum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Product concept<\/td>\nDaily soothing for sensitive skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Development focus<\/td>\nLow stinging and comfortable skin feel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Format<\/td>\nFace \/ body cream<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Product concept<\/td>\nSoothing emollient care<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Development focus<\/td>\nBalance of hydration and emollience<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Format<\/td>\nAfter-sun lotion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Product concept<\/td>\nComfort after sun exposure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Development focus<\/td>\nTolerance on irritated skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Format<\/td>\nScalp serum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Product concept<\/td>\nLightweight leave-on care<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Development focus<\/td>\nScalp contact and low residue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Format<\/td>\nMild shampoo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Product concept<\/td>\nCleansing and scalp comfort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Development focus<\/td>\nMild surfactant system and scalp tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

These are formulation-development concepts. Use level, pH and processing conditions should follow the applicable PuriPharm product technical specifications.<\/p>\n

Applications \u00b7 Product value<\/p>\n

PuriActives\u00ae GPI Glycerophosphoinositol Choline<\/h2>\n

Sunflower-derived, produced by enzymatic bioconversion<\/p>\n

Cellular mechanisms, animal research and human formulation observations support development of soothing skin and scalp care.<\/p>\n

PuriPharm Co. Ltd.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

References: molecular mechanisms and cell studies<\/h2>\n

Wang Y, Zou Y. Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023;46(5):19\u201323. DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1006-7264.2023.05.006.<\/p>\n

Vessichelli M et al. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:12828\u201312841. DOI: 10.1074\/jbc.M116.773861. PMID: 28600357.<\/p>\n

Corda D et al. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1582:52\u201369. DOI: 10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00137-3.<\/p>\n

Corda D et al. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012;40:101\u2013107. DOI: 10.1042\/BST20110679.<\/p>\n

Cucullo L et al. Brain Res. 2004;997:147\u2013151. DOI: 10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.09.079.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

References: human skin and scalp studies<\/h2>\n

Marko M, Pawliczak R. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):999\u20131010. DOI: 10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800567. PMID: 32746664.<\/p>\n

Di Lernia V et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2011;146(Suppl. 2 to No. 6):1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Dall\u2019Oglio F et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017;152(5):436\u2013440. DOI: 10.23736\/S0392-0488.17.05539-0. PMID: 28121079.<\/p>\n

Glycerophosphoinositol Choline \/ Lysine technical brochure (2012), pp.4\u20136.<\/p>\n

Pazzaglia M, Tosti A. University of Bologna, January 2007.<\/p>\n

Falconi Klein E et al. University of Pavia, May 2003. Report 0201L07-05F.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

References: efficacy patent and related-salt studies<\/h2>\n

JP2009269851A. 2009-11-19.<\/p>\n

Efficacy-study Examples 1\u20133; original Tables 1\u20134 and Figure 1.<\/p>\n

Accomasso L et al. Clin Dermatol Res J. 2017;2(1):1000112. Figs. 1\u20135.<\/p>\n

Animal study of a GPI lysine-salt combination lotion.<\/p>\n

PubChem. Glycerophosphoinositol choline. CID 91936944. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/91936944<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PuriActives\u00ae GPIGlycerophosphoinositol Choline Scientif […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[25],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2712"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2712"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2768,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2712\/revisions\/2768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.puriactives.com\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}